Manganese is an essential trace mineral found in small amounts throughout the human body. It plays several important roles in various physiological processes:
- Metabolism: Manganese is involved in the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, and cholesterol. It helps in the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol, which are essential for cell membrane structure and function.
- Bone Formation: Manganese is required for the formation of healthy bones and cartilage. It is involved in the synthesis of proteoglycans, which are important components of connective tissues.
- Antioxidant Defense: Manganese acts as a cofactor for several antioxidant enzymes, including manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). These enzymes help neutralize harmful free radicals produced during normal cellular metabolism, thereby protecting cells from oxidative damage.
- Neurological Function: Manganese plays a role in brain health and normal neurological function. It is involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters like serotonin, which regulates mood, appetite, and sleep.
- Reproductive Health: Manganese is essential for normal reproductive function. It is involved in the synthesis of reproductive hormones and the maintenance of reproductive tissues.
While manganese is essential for health, excessive intake can be toxic. Chronic exposure to high levels of manganese, often through occupational or environmental sources, can lead to neurological symptoms resembling Parkinson's disease.
Dietary sources of manganese include nuts, whole grains, legumes, leafy green vegetables, and tea. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for manganese varies depending on age and sex, but for adults, it typically ranges from 1.8 to 2.3 milligrams per day.