Copper is an essential trace mineral that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes within the human body. Although it's required in only small amounts, it's indispensable for overall health. Here's how copper functions in the human body:
- Enzymatic Functions: Copper serves as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in critical biochemical reactions. These enzymes are essential for processes like energy production, iron metabolism, connective tissue formation, and neurotransmitter synthesis.
- Iron Metabolism: Copper is necessary for the absorption, transport, and utilization of iron in the body. It helps convert iron into a form that's more easily absorbed in the intestines and is also involved in the release of iron from storage sites like the liver.
- Connective Tissue Formation: Copper is a component of enzymes involved in the synthesis of collagen and elastin, which are essential proteins for the formation and maintenance of connective tissues, such as tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels.
- Antioxidant Activity: Copper acts as a cofactor for superoxide dismutase (SOD), an antioxidant enzyme that helps neutralize harmful free radicals in the body. By scavenging free radicals, copper helps protect cells from oxidative damage and reduces the risk of various diseases.
- Neurotransmitter Synthesis: Copper is involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine, which play a crucial role in the functioning of the nervous system. Proper copper levels are essential for maintaining optimal brain function and cognitive health.
- Immune Function: Copper is also involved in the function of the immune system. It helps in the production of white blood cells, which are critical for fighting off infections and maintaining overall immune health.
While copper is essential for various physiological processes, excessive levels can be toxic. The body tightly regulates copper levels to prevent toxicity, primarily through the liver's excretion mechanisms. Dietary sources of copper include nuts, seeds, whole grains, shellfish, organ meats, legumes, and dark leafy greens. An adequate intake of copper is necessary to support overall health and well-being.