Nephrotoxic

Nephrotoxic is a term used to describe substances or drugs that have a toxic effect on the kidneys. These substances can lead to the damage of the cells in the kidney tubules, resulting in impaired kidney function. Nephrotoxic substances can be divided into two categories, direct and indirect. Direct nephrotoxins are those that directly damage the cells of the kidney tubules, while indirect nephrotoxins create an environment that is hostile to kidney tissue, leading to kidney damage. Common examples of direct nephrotoxins include certain antibiotics, such as gentamicin, aminoglycosides, and certain chemotherapy drugs. Indirect nephrotoxins include certain heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium, and mercury, as well as certain industrial chemicals and some drugs, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Nephrotoxic substances can cause a wide variety of kidney damage, ranging from acute to chronic. Acute damage can lead to a sudden decline in kidney function, while chronic damage can lead to kidney failure. Symptoms of kidney damage from nephrotoxins can include nausea, vomiting, confusion, decreased urination, and swelling of the extremities. Treatment for nephrotoxic substances is typically supportive, with the goal of preventing progression to kidney failure.