Food additives Europe numbers: E161
Xanthophylls (pronounced zan-tho-fills) are natural pigments found in various plants, algae, and even some bacteria [1]. They belong to a broader class of pigments called carotenoids, which are responsible for the yellow, orange, and red colors in many fruits and vegetables. However, unlike some other carotenoids like beta-carotene, xanthophylls generally don't contribute significantly to vitamin A activity in humans [2]. Here's a breakdown of xanthophylls and their potential applications as food additives:
Functions:
- Natural Food Coloring: The primary potential application of xanthophylls in food is as natural coloring agents. They can impart a range of yellow, orange, and red hues to food products [3]. This can be an appealing option for consumers who prefer natural alternatives to synthetic food colors.
- Potential Health Benefits: Some research suggests that certain xanthophylls, like lutein and zeaxanthin, might offer health benefits for eye health and potentially skin health [4]. However, more research is needed to confirm these potential benefits and establish recommended intake levels for these specific xanthophylls.
Sources:
Xanthophylls can be obtained from various natural sources, including:
- Egg Yolks: Lutein is a common xanthophyll found in egg yolks, contributing to their yellow color [5].
- Fruits and Vegetables: Many fruits and vegetables like corn, peppers, mangoes, and oranges contain various xanthophylls [6].
- Algae: Certain types of algae are rich in xanthophylls, and they can be a sustainable source for commercial food additive applications [7].
Applications in Food:
The use of xanthophylls as food additives is still relatively uncommon but growing, particularly for products marketed as "natural." Some potential applications include:
- Poultry Products: Xanthophylls can be used to enhance the yellow color of egg yolks or chicken skin in commercially produced products [8]. Traditionally, marigold flower extract, a natural source of xanthophylls, has been used for this purpose.
- Beverages: Xanthophylls might be used in some beverages to achieve a yellow or orange color from a natural source [9].
- Bakery Products: In some cases, xanthophylls could potentially be used for coloring purposes in bakery items.
Safety:
- Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS): Some naturally occurring xanthophylls, like lutein, are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by regulatory bodies like the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in food at specific levels [10].
Considerations:
- Limited Availability and Cost: Obtaining concentrated forms of xanthophylls for food additive applications can be more expensive compared to some synthetic food colors [11].
- Research on Health Benefits: While some potential health benefits are associated with certain xanthophylls, more research is required to fully understand their impact in the context of food additives [12].
Overall:
Xanthophylls are natural pigments with potential applications as coloring agents in food. They offer an alternative to synthetic colors and might hold some health benefits, although more research is needed. Their use in food additives is still developing, and factors like cost and availability need to be considered.